Neuroanatomy
Neuron = cell (structurally: uni/bi/multipolar, functionally: aff/eff/interneuron)
Anterior horn cell (i.e. CNS) - motor neurones
Dorsal root Ganglion (i.e. PNS) - sensation neurones
Posterior horn cell - sensation neurones
CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PNS: Somatic (motor/sens) and Autonomic (symp/para)
Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier:
Blood retina barrier
Blood brain barrier: Endothelium of capillaries with tight junctions/astrocytes
Meninges (leptomeninges i.e. thin meninges are the 2 inner most meninges i.e. the two surrounding the CSF)
Cerebrospinal fluid:
Neonates 50 mls (produce 1ml/hr)
Adult volume 150ml (produce 15-35ml/hr)
20 drops = 1 ml
30 drops safe for neonates (see LP)
Language hemisphere is Left in 95% of left-handers and 60% of right-handers
Non-language: emotion, lilt, tone, body language: in same area of opposite side
Limbic system: (major regulator of mood)
cognitive control network (cold unemotional decisions) outward focus
AMN and CCN compete against each other, if AMN switched on CCN functions poorly
(day dreaming v losing ourselves in a task)
Depression = AMN stuck on (brooding, rumination, self loathing) and CCN suppressed (sluggish decision making)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of CCN areas used to treat depression
Psychotherapy to switch on CNN
Mindfulness tried to break AMN hold
Positive psychology (http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/Positivepsychology.pdf)
Mood influenced by brain, sleep, hormones, weather
To physiology:
Neurotransmitters
- Nucleus = group of CNS neurones
- Pathway = bundle of CNS axons
- Ganglion = group of PNS neurones
- Nerve = bundle of PNS axons
- Microglia: Macrophages
- Macroglia
- Ependymal cells: line spinal cord and ventricles producing CSF
- Astrocytes: CNS structural support and homeostasis
- v Satellite cells: PNS astrocytes i.e. in ganglia
- Oligodendrocytes: CNS Myelin
- v Schwann cells: PNS myelin
- Brain
- Fore (pros)
- Telencephalon
- cerebrum (cortex, white matter and basal nuclei) (CN1)
- diencephalon
- Thalamus (CNII)
- Hypothalamus (inc Neurohypophysis aka post pit)
- Epithalamus
- Subthalamus
- Telencephalon
- Fore (pros)
- Mid (mes) (CN 3-5)
- Hind (rhomb)
- Metencephalon
- Pons (CN5-8)
- Cerebellum
- Myelencephalon
- Medulla aka Bulb (CN 8-12)
- Metencephalon
- Spinal cord
Anterior horn cell (i.e. CNS) - motor neurones
Dorsal root Ganglion (i.e. PNS) - sensation neurones
Posterior horn cell - sensation neurones
CNS: Brain and spinal cord
PNS: Somatic (motor/sens) and Autonomic (symp/para)
Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier:
Blood retina barrier
Blood brain barrier: Endothelium of capillaries with tight junctions/astrocytes
- allows meletonin/pos pit secretion directly into blood
- Allows chemoreception of toxins/osmol/...
Meninges (leptomeninges i.e. thin meninges are the 2 inner most meninges i.e. the two surrounding the CSF)
- Dura mater (outermost)
- Arachnoid mater (below is the subarachnoid/CSF space)
- Pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid:
Neonates 50 mls (produce 1ml/hr)
Adult volume 150ml (produce 15-35ml/hr)
20 drops = 1 ml
30 drops safe for neonates (see LP)
Language hemisphere is Left in 95% of left-handers and 60% of right-handers
Non-language: emotion, lilt, tone, body language: in same area of opposite side
Limbic system: (major regulator of mood)
- hypothalamus: controls hormones and autonomic functions (HR, RR, sleep, sweat)
- hippocampus: tells you what things you might enjoy given you mood (shrinks in depression)
- amygdala: attaches emotional significance to events
cognitive control network (cold unemotional decisions) outward focus
AMN and CCN compete against each other, if AMN switched on CCN functions poorly
(day dreaming v losing ourselves in a task)
Depression = AMN stuck on (brooding, rumination, self loathing) and CCN suppressed (sluggish decision making)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of CCN areas used to treat depression
Psychotherapy to switch on CNN
Mindfulness tried to break AMN hold
Positive psychology (http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/docs/Positivepsychology.pdf)
Mood influenced by brain, sleep, hormones, weather
To physiology:
Neurotransmitters
- Seretonin
- dopamine